0. 50ml shortfill: Add 1/2 of an 18mg nicotine shot. STEP 2: 14 mg patch transdermally once a day. An 18mg nic shot added to 50ml of nicotine-free e-liquid will give you 60ml of 3mg liquid, but as you start dealing with smaller or larger short fills and higher or lower. Flavors: • Blue Razz. Phone: 507-266-9392 or 507-266-1930; 7 a. Decreases your appetite. The right dose for you depends on when you usually have your first cigarette each day and how much you are currently smoking. Nicotine oral chewing gum and lozenges are used to help you stop smoking. e. A new study in mice shows how tobacco products could act as gateway drugs, opening the door to use of illicit drugs. Thus, agonists of the CB₁-receptors may cause increased cravings for nicotine, which may explain the common desire to smoke cigarettes immediately after cannabis, or the heightened subjective level of satisfaction derived from smoking the two together. Is 3 mg a lot of nicotine. The nicotine patch can be used with nicotine gum OR lozenge to control withdrawal symptoms and the urge to smoke. Nicotine liquid is 100mg/ml strength and in concentrated form intended for the DIY purposes of diluting with PG or VG until strength has been reduced to 24mg or below. The more you sweat, the more nicotine you’ll release. Pregnant or trying to get pregnant. Nicotine gum is commonly available in two strengths: 2 mg and 4 mg. Adding the three together, we have 720 + 720 +3600 = 5040. Elaine K. The nicotine patch first became available over the counter in 1996. 1 mg of nicotine per cigarette. Some potential side effects of long-term nicotine pouch use include: Increased risk of oral cancer. The nicotine levels in vape e-liquids are usually measured in milligrams per milliliter (mg/ml) or as a percentage of the total volume of the e-liquid. Nicotine levels in smokeless tobacco products available in the U. There is an urgent need to address the devastating pandemic, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2. ZYN Mini 3mg contains 3mg of nicotine per pouch which translates to 7,5 mg/g. Example: If someone vapes 5ml of e-liquid per day, and the e-liquid holds 6mg/ml of. Nicotine binds to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which come in a diverse collection of subtypes. Up to 5 mg/m3: (APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator. Because oral ingestion and skin absorption of nicotine are slower and result in much lower peak levels than smoking, these forms of nicotine are less rewarding. Alternatively, if you’ve come here with a Nicotine Shot or Shortfill bottle,. $42. The present review focused on the reported benefits of nicotine in the brain and summarizes the associated underlying mechanisms. Just. Simply remove the top cap of your shortfill e-liquid and add your chosen nic shot. Individuals who smoke their first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking up or smoke more than 25 cigarettes daily are recommended to use the 4 mg gum. Chantix® Product Strength ; 21 mg, 14 mg, 7 mg ; 2 mg , 4 mg . Nicotine cravings are the symptom you will deal with the longest, and they could start just 30 minutes after your last cigarette. difficulty concentrating. Our Nicotine Shot Calculator. Health Canada has approved the sale of flavoured nicotine pouches by Imperial Tobacco Canada in a way that products can be legally sold to children of any age. 8 mg/kg would implicate that the toxicity of nicotine is similar to or even higher than that of cyanide, fatal nicotine intoxications are relatively rare, and there are countless records of subjects who survived consumption of nicotine in amounts far higher than 60 mg (Larson et al. Add to Cart . This is an estimate because people process nicotine differently depending on their genetics and it also depends on how. For each 50ml of nicotine-free e-liquid, you add 1 nic shot. To use it correctly, bite down slowly on the gum until you feel a tingling in your mouth. Get up and move about. Looking to buy ZYN nicotine pouches? ⚡ Visit Nicokicks complete selection of ZYN pouches in all different flavors. Use the nicotine oral inhaler often enough, as directed by your doctor or other healthcare provider, to help control cravings for cigarettes. 2. 61–0. Vapor Production. 33 (save 2. But some research suggests a lethal amount may be a lot higher. Nicotine patches work to help you quit smoking by reducing symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. What is Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)? • NRT is a medication that addresses nicotine withdrawal symptoms by providing a controlled amount of nicotine, thus helping reduce the urge to smoke or vape. 3 mg of nicotine per cigarette, Piper said. middle and high school students use at least one tobacco product, including e-cigarettes. In fact, nicotine itself even has some benefits. Habitrol (nicotine). In this article, we look at. STEP 3: 7 mg patch transdermally once a day. In terms of its mechanism of action, nicotine slows the. Our shortfill e-liquids are between 60-75% VG and are thicker than a standard e-liquid. The amount of nicotine you need to add is shown on the right. Shortfalls are nicotine free e-liquid in varying PG/VG ratios with increased flavor percentages sold in a bottle that is “Short Filled” to allow enough space to add. Using smokeless tobacco: Can lead to nicotine addiction 1,2; Causes cancer of the mouth, esophagus (the passage that connects the throat to the stomach), and pancreas (a gland that helps with digestion and maintaining proper blood sugar levels) 1,2 Is associated with diseases of the mouth. Nicotine is absorbed from the patch on the skin and enters the blood stream. Nicotine is tobacco’s primary attraction for humans; it provides many positive effects on human. 95 $12. Because quitting cold turkey can be challenging, reduce your nicotine usage at least 2 weeks in advance. You can do this by using only 1 x 18mg nicotine shot rather than 2, and similarly to reduce even further to 1. Remove the patch from the foil package, peel off the protective strips, and immediately apply the patch to your skin. 1 mg/lb. Your own chances of quitting smoking depend on how strongly you are addicted to nicotine, how much you want to quit,Nicotine and the nicotinic cholinergic system in COVID-19. Vape Pink Cookie Butter. Nicotine gum releases only 2-4 mg over the course of 20-30 minutes, so you don’t get a euphoric rush from it, but you still get nicotine’s energy benefits. Chew on sugarless gum or hard candy. Addiction to nicotine matters because using nicotine as a teen may have enduring impacts on attention, learning, and memory, 2,3,4 and addiction keeps people using harmful tobacco products. Cotinine Factsheet. Moreover. At the neuromuscular junction they are. Nicotine Anonymous groups are available in many locations. com ; Phone: +1 844 516 47 13; Open hours: 10AM–6PM EDT (Mon - Fri). Dosing is based on cigarette usage. Drops your skin temperature. 5–6. 5 mg/m 3 TWA [skin] Current OSHA PEL: 0. Nicotine is absorbed from the gum or lozenge in the mouth and enters the blood stream. (a) Study design. Takeaway. The Posh MAX 2. 1). How much nic shot to add to a 50ml. For a 50ml quantity of nicotine-free e-liquid, add one nic shot. The saliva then reacts with cotinine metabolite in the strip and reveals the amount of nicotine. Usually, the nicotine dosage is high enough to satisfy a craving but low enough not to significantly alter the taste of the vape. So if you have a 60ml, with 50ml of premixed, 0mg e-liquid in it then you need to set the “Current ml of 0mg E-liquid to 50ml”. For example, 2% NIC or 20mg nicotine strength indicates that the vape juice contains. S. 002 μg/mL in right heart blood. Velo Cinnamon 4MG. A normal cigarette contains around 10 to 12 mg of nicotine, with around 6 mg on the low end and about 28 mg on the top line. Nicotine Strength. Make sure everything in the path of over-spray is covered with tape and plastic. An 18mg nic shot added to 50ml of nicotine-free e-liquid will give you 60ml of 3mg liquid, but as you start dealing with smaller or larger short fills and higher or lower concentrations of nic shots, it can get confusing how much nicotine you’ll end up with, and fast. 0. In a minority of smokers, cravings may persist for years. Nicorette (brand) savings_outlined. 50ml base + 10ml nicotine = 60ml. These 10ml nicotine shots are usually 18mg in strength if you’re buying within the EU, which is the maximum size and strength of nicotine you can purchase since the introduction of the TPD regulations. That means you divide the volume of the nicotine-free base liquid by 5, then add that much of the 18mg nicotine liquid. 1961). 41 A small study in adults using nicotine-containing e-cigarettes revealed peak plasma nicotine levels at 5 minutes, with nicotine levels similar to smokers. Contrary to popular opinion, the study showed that nicotine actually boosts the growth of new blood vessels. adults smoke cigarettes, and about 2. If you. Nicotine withdrawal emerges when an individual smoking cigarettes abruptly ceases their cigarette usage. Add to Cart. Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal for smokers include: intense cravings for nicotine. TL;DR Our Nicotine Shot Calculator (For The UK) Helps You Calculate The Right Number Of Nic Shots For A Shortfill To Add. 100. However, it may be as long as 40 hours, according to a 2016 research review. Quit lines offer convenient access to trained counselors. 8% (18mg) nicotine shots – nicotine to add = 12. Studies show that far from protecting you from COVID-19, nicotine and smoking dramatically. Sitting still only allows you to stew in your emotions. Nicotine Strength. For 50ml Shortfill: How much nic shot to add to 50ml to achieve desired nicotine strengths? 3mg Strength: Add 1 x 10ml 18mg nicotine shot. , 6 months or more)?. Tobacco use costs nearly $300 billion a year in direct. vomiting. Symptoms of Nicotine Abuse Only if airway is secured administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). 56%) View prices & coupons. 2 mg, 4 mg : 10 mg/mL (10 mL bottle ~ 200 applications) 10 mg/cartridge : 150 mg SR . 10ml of 10mg/ml. Smokers of 25 or more cigarettes daily should use the 4 mg dosage. Replace one piece of nicotine gum each day with regular, sugarless gum. I bought a 50ml and added 1x 10ml 18mg nicotine shot I also bought a 100ml and added 2x 10ml 18mg nicotine shotsThey’re bottles of nicotine free e-liquid that aren’t quite filled to the top so you can add a nicotine shot or two to mix to your desired nicotine strength. The FDA has established a gluten limit of fewer than 20 parts per million (ppm) for foods that carry the label "gluten-free. If we have a quantity of 40ml of 18mg nicotine shots, 20ml of 36mg base nicotine strength and 50ml of 72mg base nicotine strength, we can calculate the final overall nicotine strength if we combine the three together. Absorption of nicotine across biological membranes depends on pH. Things You Should Know. If you want 50 ml of juice with 20 mg/ml of nicotine, that's a total nicotine of 1,000 mg (50 ml * 20 mg/ml). It helps reduce nicotine cravings and other nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Sleep tips. 50ml shortfill: Add 1 x 18mg nicotine shot. It’s an important date for Theodore Wagener, PhD — one that changed his life and provided him with insight that has helped him become one of the country’s leading tobacco. Also, add up how much money you have saved already by not purchasing cigarettes and imagine (in detail). Approximately 80 to 90 percent of nicotine is metabolized by lung, liver, and kidney; the principal metabolite is cotinine, which has a plasma concentration that is 10-fold higher than nicotine. Tobacco free nicotine is made in a lab, it does not come from plants, so in this respect, it is entirely synthetic, although it does have exactly the same properties as organic, naturally derived nicotine. 1 • NRT is safe and effective in helping adults quit tobacco use. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2007; 9(3):315–327. Target dose varied from 5 mg/day to 7 mg/day for patients under 25 years old. If you are new to nicotine pouches, even though you have used other nicotine products, we suggest you start with a pouch that has a lower nicotine content and only keep it in your mouth for 5-15 minutes. As highlighted in Figure 1, adult smokers weigh, on average, 4–5 kg less than nonsmokers, are less likely to be overweight or obese, and tend to gain weight when they quit smoking. The efforts to understand the details of this disease in hope of providing effective. Jump to. To use the lozenge, place it in your mouth and allow it to slowly dissolve. S. Asked By: Gregory King Date: created: Dec 25 2022. For smokers, the role of nicotine in cigarette smoke is a moot point, since they must inhale a complex mix of toxic chemicals, particles, and gases. If you can, go outside and take a five-minute walk around the block, breathing deeply as you go. Nicotine+ is written in Python and uses GTK for its graphical user interface. You add 2 nic shots to every 40ml of nicotine-free e-liquid. Use this. The compound constitutes about 5. 7 mg per cigarette, according to the agency. 10–0. Introduction: Nicotine addiction (Dani and Heinemann, 1996; De Biasi and Dani, 2011; Mansvelder and McGehee, 2002) causes more than 7 million deaths each year worldwide (). Generally, it takes 1 to 3 days after you stop using tobacco for nicotine to clear your blood system and up to 10 days for cotinine (the major breakdown product of nicotine) to be gone. 6% (or about 43. An intensive inhalation regimen (80 deep inhalations over 20 minutes) releases approximately 4 mg of nicotine. Do not consume more than 16 cartridges each day. Within 5 minutes. 99 As low as $13. Those looking to replicate the effects of a cigarette usually choose an e-juice with between 3 to 15 mg of nicotine per mL of vape juice. To use nicotine lozenges: Place the lozenge in your mouth and allow it to dissolve slowly over 20 to 30 minutes, without chewing or swallowing. This then dilutes the nicotine into. Product Information. 5 Brand names, Trade names Nicabate Nicobrevin Nicotinell TTS Nicorette Nicoret Cigarette tobacco Black leaf. 49. ; 15. Nicotine is one of the active ingredients in cigarettes and considered highly addictive. 5%. More. That's 2/3 strength, so you add half as much zero nic to the 18mg/ml stuff (that's 2 parts "shot" to three parts total). Because of. 2. Conversely, joints are wrapped in thin rolling papers and typically hold between . Building on this knowledge, researchers sought to investigate how nicotine use might affect brain health, specifically focusing on blood flow within the brain, a key factor for healthy brain function. 7% did. The person then inhales the resulting aerosol or vapor (called vaping. In young children, ingestion of 1 to 2 mg of nicotine has been associated with signs of toxicity (poisoning). A saliva test can determine nicotine levels of 0 to 2000ng/ml, the widest range offered by any of the three types of the test. 11 Apr 2019. Nicotinic receptors also respond to drugs such as the agonist nicotine. I know nicotine is supposed to give a bit of a head rush, but for me I feel like it hits HARD. Other side effects. In fact, nicotine (and its metabolite cotinine) peaks in breast milk 30 minutes after smoking a cigarette, and nicotine’s half-life in breast milk is approximately two hours. Just 10 seconds after a cigarette smoker inhales, nicotine is absorbed through the skin and the mucosal linings in the nose, mouth and lungs, and travels through the bloodstream to the brain. S. They are found in the central and peripheral nervous system, muscle, and many other tissues of many organisms. Target strength: 55ml, 1. To pass the test, you need to get the nicotine out of your system. The pH of smoke from flue-cured tobaccos, found in most cigarettes, is acidic (pH 5. By blending these volumes,. The short answer is yes — ZYN is gluten-free. It should take 20 to 30 minutes to dissolve. The FDA estimates reducing nicotine levels could prevent more than 33 million from becoming regular smokers and about 5 million additional smokers would quit within a year of lowering nicotine. In a saliva test, which is the most accurate test, nicotine can be detected for more than 10 hours or up to 2-4 days. Nicotine alters vasoreactivity through endothelium-dependent and/or endothelium-independent mechanisms, leading to clinical manifestations in both cigarette smokers and e-cig users. Maximum dose: 40 mg/day. In fact, it seems that to get any “rewarding” effect at all from using sugar,. edu; Mailing address: Nicotine. Thus, typical steady-state plasma nicotine concentrations with nicotine patches range from 10 to 20 ng ml −1, and for nicotine gum, inhaler, sublingual tablet, and nasal spray from 5 to 15 ng ml −1 (Benowitz et al. “ -NicotineSINGLE : นิโคติน(nicotine)ARTIST : MirrrLABEL : MacrowaveLyrics // Le. The younger a person is when they start using tobacco, the more likely they are to become addicted. 75mg. stomach ache. Doctors may recommend switching to a lower dose patch if someone experiences side effects. Typical dosing for Nicotrol (nicotine). I take like 1-2 puffs in a 30 min period or so… if I take any more than that I get sick. Another 16 million live with a serious illness caused by. We are currently aware of at least four other nicotine vaccine candidates in development: Selecta Biosciences in the USA is investigating the linked combination of nicotine with a synthetic carrier (as opposed to a biological carrier, Selecta 2011) and The Scripps Insitute in California has developed a nicotine vaccine (discussed above,. Let’s call her Kim, to protect her identity. The FDA in 2019 approved Moonlight, a cigarette with nicotine content of 0. Although an LD 50 of 0. A 25 mg/mL e-juice is 2. A nic shot is what gives the e-liquid its nicotine content and you are able to add a certain amount to cater to your own preferences. EVALI (e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury). Answer: The amount of nicotine in one Marlboro Red cigarette varies depending on the size of the cigarette. 75 %. g. Both tobacco and vaping devices contain other harmful chemicals; burning tobacco can create these chemicals and vaping devices turn chemicals and flavorings. How to add a nicotine shot is something that was never asked a couple of years ago, but with the advent of shortfill eliquids, nicotine shots or 'nic shots'. Scientific journals rightly responded to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic by more rapidly publishing their COVID-19 research. Seven studies proposed a target nicotine dose of > 20 mg/day for non-smokers with a mean age over 55 years old. 1111/febs. How Much Nicotine Is in a Cigarette or Juul Pod? Cigarettes and vape products contain vastly different amounts of nicotine. 22 mg/lb. loss of. (photo credit. Enjoy premium nicotine e-liquids or opt for nicotine-free vape juice options. Nicotine pouches, positioned between the upper lip and gum, resemble Swedish-style snus but lack the tobacco leaf. No matter the size of hit I take, I immediately feel light headed and dizzy. To make a 6mg e-liquid, mix 1 part nicotine to 2 parts flavoured base (your PG, VG and flavour concentrates). It works by interfering with nicotine receptors in the brain. 67mg. Typically, one nicotine cartridge allows for 20 minutes of continuous puffing (about 80 puffs per cartridge). The nicotine lozenge comes in two sizes (regular and mini) and each size comes in two strengths (2 mg and 4 mg). To make 100ml into 3mg strength liquid. The nicotine vaccine is a logical approach to preventing relapse. Over 1000 Trust Pilot Reviews. Nicotine pouches have been. 40, which is 68% off the average retail price of $74. ) per day. In fact, it suggests a daily limit on nicotine intake ranging from no more than one milligram per kilogram (or . 1. 5 mg/m 3 TWA [skin] Description of substance: Pale-yellow to dark-brown liquid with a fish-like odor when warm. 1). If you buy a 50 ml shortfill (that's 50 ml of juice in a 60 ml bottle, leaving room to add. 0). Main content; Search;. 100ml shortfill: Add 2 x 18mg nicotine shots. All Vaccines COVID-19 Flu RSV HPV Covid-19 Digital Vaccine Record. With two nitrogen’s, one on each ring, nicotine exhibits two pKa’s. If you have your first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking, you should consider starting with the 4 mg dose. ETX View. Yousef Tizabi Robert L Copeland. 31 to 60 minutes. The strength of nicotine, which is written on the bottle, is the number of milligrams per milliliter of liquid. Summary. Patients using tobacco products excrete nicotine in urine in the concentration range of 1000 to 5000 ng/mL. So you reach for another cigarette. Many more succeed when using one. Your body has become accustomed to the euphoric feelings, and it’s not going to let go so quickly. Do you find it difficult not to smoke in places where you shouldn't, such as in church, on the. The nitrogen of the pyrrolidine ring is more basic (pka = 8. These tiny pouches, marketed as a discreet and "safe" way to consume nicotine, have been embraced by many young. 2%. Before JUUL was introduced in 2015, the most popular e-cigarette products contained nicotine strengths of between roughly 1 percent and 2. So how much nicotine is safe?Twenty-three electronic cigarette liquids, advertised as containing nicotine salts and in refill containers typically used for second- or third-generation electronic cigarettes ( N = 21) or disposable pods ( N = 2), were purchased from online retailers. She recommends adding a few drops of hydrogen peroxide to. 3 million U. Nicotine pouches usually have a longer shelf-life than traditional snus. How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette?*. Worldwide, nicotine abuse causes 7 million deaths a year. 72 (save 64. In 1964, more than 40 percent of the adult population smoked. Cotinine levels in a heavy smoker may be more than 500 ng/mL. Cotinine has a half-life of about 16 hours, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A mini or nip. To give you a basic example; a 60ml Shortfill bottle would contain 50ml of nicotine free e-liquid. How many drops of nicotine is 6mg. Cotinine levels in a heavy smoker may be more than 500 ng/mL. ) per day. Recommended storage of 120 days or less. A person weighing 70 kg with a tidal volume of 4 ml per kilogram of body weight breathing. Smoking is the most common way of getting nicotine, and the more cigarettes you smoke, the more likely you are to get type 2 diabetes. If you're using nicotine patch (Nicoderm CQ) only, your provider might recommend that you add a fast-acting NRT product , like nicotine gum or lozenge, to help. Fortunately, the vaping industry has set standards for e-liquid volume measurements and nicotine strength, so working out how much nicotine. 97. The dosage number is reduced gradually per day after a few weeks or months of usage. How to Combine Nicotine Replacement Therapies to Quit Smoking. So, if you have a 6 mg/mL e-juice, this is equal to a 0. to 5 p. Go for a Walk. Eat leafy greens and fruits such as blackberries and cranberries to help your body metabolize nicotine more quickly. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists also agrees nicotine can lead to hypertension, diabetes, obesity, neurobehavioral defects, infertility, and even respiratory failure. Some people feel mood changes for a short time after they quit smoking. The reliability of these effects varies. Plus 50 x 72 = 3600. He also used e-cigarettes continually (one 3 ml cartridge/day, 18mg/ml) instead of his normal cigarettes. So 200ml of shots (20 of the little buggers) if you've got 100ml of flavoured zero nic. There are also many other potentially harmful chemicals found in tobacco or created by burning it. 1999;48:398-401. com ; Phone: +1 844 516 47 13. Hair testing is a reliable way to figure out long-term use of tobacco products and can. Sources. Tobacco/Nicotine and Vaping. This article is for information only. Measuring cotinine in people’s blood is the most reliable way to determine exposure to nicotine for both smokers and nonsmokers exposed to environmental. All treatments showed an increase in fluorescent signal within 1 min, followed by a decrease by 44 min. EVALI is a serious lung condition that vaping causes. Nicotine patch side effects may include dizziness, skin irritation, and headaches. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas which takes the place of oxygen in. 33 (save 2. Common areas include the upper arm, hip, or. One cigarette contains about 12. People vape with battery-operated devices used to inhale an aerosol, which can contain nicotine, marijuana, flavorings, and other chemicals. In many e-cigarettes, puffing activates the battery-powered heating device, which vaporizes the liquid in the cartridge or reservoir. 2020 Sep;287 (17):3656-3663. 4 percent. 5–6 mg/ml). g. Best tip for how to add a nic shot to e liquid. 50 ml. The amount of nicotine is varied among different kinds of cigarettes and cigarette brands. Nicotine gum therapy should be completed within three months. Cotinine is more stable metabolite to determine nicotine use in urine; minimum detection 1-8 hours and max 1-7 days for teens or adults; same test used by many life insurance companies. Place the gum in one spot between the cheek and the gums. Although nicotine is a lipophilic molecule with a log P of 1. $1. NRT offers a controlled way to reduce nicotine dependence and manage these. Nicotine mainly shows its action through specific nicotinic. Short fill e-liquids typically come in 30ml, 60ml or 120ml sized bottles and, as their name suggests, they are filled with slightly less e-liquid, leaving room for vapers to add a nic shot. Cotinine accumulates in urine in proportion to dose and hepatic metabolism (which is genetically determined); most tobacco users excrete cotinine in the range of. Prior research has highlighted the potential risks associated with nicotine use, particularly its impact on the developing brain. 5% (15mg) nicotine shots – nicotine to add = 15. Nicotine can be detected in a urine drug test, but it typically only stays in the body for a few days after use. Nicotine Strength . 98. Nicotine shot is 10ml 1. To make 50ml into 3mg strength liquid. 78 mg/day). In addition, nicotine (10 μg/ml) was further shown to suppress the production of IL-6, not TNF-α, by splenocytes stimulated by LPS . Nicotine Your Way is offered in 50 ml, 120 ml, 250 ml, and 500 ml bottle sizes. It comes in the form of 2 and 4 mg dosages. Nicotine skin patches are used to help you stop smoking. Nicotine is a chemical found in tobacco products, including cigarettes and chewing tobacco. May tobacco dependence pharmacotherapies be used long-term (e. JUNE 7, 2020 18:46.